Hypotaurine is enzymatically oxidized to yield taurine by hypotaurine dehydrogenase. Cysteine sulfinic acid, in turn, is decarboxylated by sulfinoalanine decarboxylase to form hypotaurine. In this pathway, cysteine is first oxidized to its sulfinic acid, catalyzed by the enzyme cysteine dioxygenase. Mammalian taurine synthesis occurs in the pancreas via the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway. Taurine is naturally derived from cysteine. In the laboratory, taurine can be produced by alkylation of ammonia with bromoethanesulfonate salts. Most of these enterprises employ the ethanolamine method to produce a total annual production of about 3,000 tonnes. As of 2010, China alone has more than 40 manufacturers of taurine. In 1993, about 5,000–6,000 tonnes of taurine were produced for commercial purposes: 50% for pet food and 50% in pharmaceutical applications. A direct approach involves the reaction of aziridine with sulfurous acid. Synthetic taurine is obtained by the ammonolysis of isethionic acid (2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid), which in turn is obtained from the reaction of ethylene oxide with aqueous sodium bisulfite. The sulfonic acid has a low p K a ensuring that it is fully ionized to the sulfonate at the pHs found in the intestinal tract. Taurine exists as a zwitterion H 3N +CH 2CH 2SO − 3, as verified by X-ray crystallography. Taurine concentrations in land plants are low or undetectable, but up to 1,000 nmol/g wet weight have been found in algae. Taurine is used as a food additive for cats, dogs, and poultry. Taurine is commonly sold as a dietary supplement, but there is no good clinical evidence that taurine supplements provide any benefit to human health. Īlthough taurine is abundant in human organs with diverse putative roles, it is not an essential dietary nutrient and is not included among nutrients with a recommended intake level. It was discovered in human bile in 1846 by Edmund Ronalds. Taurine is named after Latin taurus ( cognate to Ancient Greek ταῦρος, taûros) meaning bull or ox, as it was first isolated from ox bile in 1827 by German scientists Friedrich Tiedemann and Leopold Gmelin. It is a major constituent of bile and can be found in the large intestine, and accounts for up to 0.1% of total human body weight. Schwarcz warns that excessive consumption of energy drinks should be avoided, "but not because of a concern that taurine is isolated from bull semen.Taurine ( / ˈ t ɔː r iː n/), or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is a non-proteinogenic amino sulfonic acid that is widely distributed in animal tissues. "This compound is an ‘aminosulfonic acid’ that is widely distributed in the human body and plays a role in cardiovascular function, development of the nervous system and formation of bile acids," he says in the post. In July 2018, Joe Schwarcz, director of McGill University’s Office for Science and Society, wrote that while scientists originally isolated taurine from bull semen, it’s now produced synthetically. Scientists have debunked the notion that energy drinks like Red Bull are made with taurine derived from animals. It was first isolated from ox bile in 1827 by German scientists Friedrich Tiedemann and Leopold Gmelin. According to the Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes database of medical terminology, taurine derives its name from the Latin word "taurus" for bull. In fact, taurine is in many animal tissues as well as plants. Taurine is also found in food like scallops, fish and poultry, and most infant formulas, according to the company. Rather, the company says, it’s produced synthetically by pharmaceutical companies without animal products. It also addresses whether taurine is made from "bull’s testicles." It’s not. Red Bull did not respond to emails we sent asking about the post.īut according to its website, the Red Bull energy drink contains caffeine, sugar, B-group vitamins and taurine, which it describes as "an amino acid naturally occurring in the human body and present in the daily diet."Ī Q&A section on the website says that the drink is "suitable for vegetarians" because it uses only non-animal ingredients. (Read more about our partnership with Facebook.) This post, which has been shared more than 7,200 times, was flagged as part of Facebook’s efforts to combat false news and misinformation on its News Feed. A study done by longhorn cattle company tested some of the top energy drink brands (Red Bull, Monster, etc) and found that they do in fact contain bull sperm." The post features a picture of a Red Bull can, a picture of a milky substance in a vial, and this text: "Q: Do energy drinks have bull sperm in it? Answer: Yes. Still, an August 2016 Facebook post being shared again claims that Red Bull does contain such an ingredient. Red Bull gives you wings, according to the energy drink company’s marketing team, but there’s little mention of bull sperm.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |